Annotated Bibliography
Primary
Periodicals
Boas, Franz. “Eugenics.” Scientific Monthly 3.5 (1916): 471-78. JSTOR. Web. 14 June 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/6055>. This article gave an overview of eugenics and the theories that were central to its practice.
Davenport, Charles, “Eugenics, The Science of Human Improvement by Better Breeding” (2009). Buck v Bell Documents. Paper 75. <http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/col_facpub/75> This document, stored by Georgia State University, is an article by Charles Davenport on “better breeding” techniques and recommendations for future policy.
Edwards, A. W. F. “Reginald Crundall Punnett: First Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, Cambridge, 1912.” Genetics (2012): n. pag. Print. This article contained a detailed Punnett square to explain the complexity of heredity, which we used to show the kind of evidence eugenicists would support their claims with.
Fisher, Irving. “Impending Problems of Eugenics.” Scientific Monthly 13.3 (1921): 214-31. JSTOR. Web. 14 June 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/6348>. This article hinted at the controversy, even at the time of eugenics’ popularity, of the practices eugenicists engaged in.
Galton, Francis. “Studies in Eugenics.” American Journal of Sociology 11.1 (1905): 11-25. JSTOR. Web. 14 June 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2762356>. This was written by the author of many eugenics theories, the man who coined the term eugenics, Francis Galton. It provides a glimpse into what the original philosophies of eugenics were. This was originally written as a rebuttal to those who thought that an obstacle to the adoption of eugenics would be the interference with marriage, which would be a precursor to the interference with reproduction.
Sharp, Harry C. “Vasectomy as a Means of Preventing Procreation in Defectives.” Journal of the American Medical Association (1897): n. pag. PDF file. This article was written by Indiana’s sterilization pioneer Harry Sharp, who lobbied for the original Indiana sterilization statute.
Stevens, H.C. “Eugenics and Feeblemindedness.” Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 6.2 (1915): 190-97. JSTOR. Web. 14 June 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1132816>. This article focused on the eugenics principle of the sterilization of those considered “feebleminded”.
“Unwritten Law for Loving: One of His Attorneys Appeals to Virginia Chivalry.” New York Times 29 June 1907: n. pag. JPEG file. This article in the New York Times described the court case that Aubrey Strode argued defending a homicidal judge by invoking the unwritten law of “the purity of our women.”
Nonperiodicals
Fitter Family Contests. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1920-1934. Eugenics Archive. Web. 11 Jan. 2014. <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/topics_fs.pl?theme=8>. This is a collection of pictures pertaining to Fitter Family Contests, where families were officially judged by their traits and ranked by their eugenic fitness in an effort to raise awareness about eugenics.
Popenoe, Paul, and Roswell Hill Johnson. Applied Eugenics. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918. Project Gutenberg. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19560/19560-h/19560-h.htm>. This database contained an ebook of Paul Popenoe’s treatise Applied Eugenics, which provided us with information on eugenics in California at the time.
Audiovisual
Anti-Miscegenation Laws. 1932. Alto Arizona. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This poster shows anti-miscegenation laws in the U.S. circa 1932.
Arthur Estabrook. 1912. Eugenics Archive. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/static/images/378.html>. This image shows Arthur Estabrook, ERO fieldworker who helped Aubrey Strode in Buck v. Bell.
Aubrey Strode. 1923. Photograph. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. U of Virginia. This image of Aubrey Strode is incorporated in our website.
Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1920-1922. 1924. Documenting the American South. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image shows the popular demonization of the typical “feebleminded” woman in the media.
“Biological aspects of immigration.” 1920. Eugenics Archive. DNA Learning Center. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/11099--Biological-aspects-of-immigration-Harry-H-Laughlin-testimony-before-the-House-Committee-on-Immigration-and-Naturalization-9-.html>. This image records the transcript of the testimony Harry Laughlin gave before the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization on the influence eugenics should play in immigration policy.
Buck Family Pedigree. 1927. Photograph. DNA Learning Center. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This is the slide used by Harry Laughlin of the Buck Family pedigree.
Carrie Buck’s Headstone. 1983. findagrave.com. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image shows Carrie Buck’s headstone in the Virginia cemetery where she was buried.
Charles Davenport and the Eugenics Record Office. 1934. Photograph. A decade of Progress in Eugenics. Baltimore. This portrait of Charles Davenport showed one of the most important figures in the eugenics movement. Charles Davenport was director of the Eugenics Record Office and instrumental in popularizing eugenics in America.
Chart IV. 1924. Photograph. Classics In The History of Psychology. This image shows two charts, one of the supposedly “eugenic” descendants of Martin Kallikak Sr., the other of the dysgenic branch of the family featured in Henry Goddard’s famous study.
“Chart of the C____ Family,” insanity and manic depression pedigree. 1911. Photograph. American Philosophical Society. This image shows a pedigree illustrating the traits typically presumed “degenerate”.
Cohen, Elizabeth, and John Bonifield. California’s Dark Legacy of Forced Sterilization. CNN. CNN, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. At this site, we found a video interview with a man who had firsthand experience with the eugenics movement, having been sterilized himself during its heyday.
Critical Review of Mongrel Virginians. 2012. Annals of the American Academy. Eugenics Archive. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/topic_images.pl?theme=26>. This snapshot of a book shows Abraham Myerson, a leading American neurologist, criticizing ERO fieldworkers pedigrees and attempts to trace dysgenic family groups.
“Designer Baby.” Duke Undergraduate Bioethics Society. Duke University, 2 Feb. 2014. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://sites.duke.edu/dubs/tag/designer-babies/>. This image shows a baby in the process of being designed“ with different ranges set for traits such as hair and eye color, meant to represent the encroaching possibility of eugenics reemerging in genetic engineering.
Diagram of an apparatus to illustrate recombination and segregation. 1913. American Philosophical Society. Eugenic Archives. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/static/images/502.html>. This image shows a chart eugenicists would have used to depict the scientific aspect of the movement.
Dr. Albert Priddy, the first superintendent of the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and the Feebleminded, who brought the case against Carrie Buck. 1920. Photograph. DNA Learning Center. This image shows Albert Priddy, the original plaintiff in Buck v. Bell and superintendent of the Virginia Colony.
Eugenics Demonstration on Wall Street. 27 Oct. 1915. Photograph. Wisconsin Historical Images. Wisconsin Historical Society. This photo is of four men in poverty holding signs promoting eugenics and their own sterilization, having been paid to do so by eugenicists in a publicity stunt.
Eugenics Display. 2014. Photograph. EUGENICS: Three Generations, No Imbeciles; Virginia, Eugenics & Buck v. Bell. University of Virginia. This is a “flashing light exhibit,” where a small light flashes anytime a regular person, criminal, and genius is born. This display was used by eugenicists to demonstrate the need for action to stop so many criminals and other defectives from being born when so few geniuses and regular people were.
Eugenics Exhibit 4.6. 1934. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia. EUGENICS: Three Generations, No Imbeciles, Virginia, Eugenics, and Buck v. Bell. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu>. This photo is of a letter to Harry Laughlin inviting him to a ceremony at the 550th anniversary of the University of Heidelberg. He would be given an honorary doctorate for his work in the field of Eugenics.
Eugenics Health Exhibit. 1929. American Philosophical Society. National Public Radio. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2011/06/01/136849387/found-in-the-archives-americas-unsettling-early-eugenics-movement>. This image depicts a typical eugenics exhibit set up by the American Eugenics Society to educate the general public about “eugenic health”.
Eugenics Poster. Aug. 1929. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Canadian Awareness Network. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://canadianawareness.org/2011/11/german-eugenics-compaired-with-early-canadian-programs/>. This image shows a poster juxtaposing a medallion typically given out as a prize at Fitter Family Fairs with an image of Francis Galton to show how the vision had blossomed and spread.
Eugenics protest. 1971. Photograph. Biopolitical Times. This image shows a protest of the sterilization of young black single mothers on welfare.
“A famous American family of geniuses. Traits displayed -- 1. Mechnical skill 2. Artistic temperament.” circa 1920. Photograph. Eugenics Record Archive. This image shows a typical family pedigree for a “family of American geniuses”.
The Feeble-Minded. 1927. Down Syndrome Uprising. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image shows some of the common propaganda used to describe the so-called “feebleminded”, describing feeblemindedness as the root of all societal ills.
Gerhard Alden Gesell. C. 1980. Historical Society of the District of Columbia Circuit. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. <http://dcchs.org/Portraits/GerhardGesell.html>. This is a portrait of Judge Gerhard Gesell, federal judge in court case Relf v. Weinberger.
Harry H. Laughlin. 1930. Photograph. The Harry H. Laughlin Papers. Truman State University. This is a picture of Harry Laughlin, one of the main popularizers of eugenics.
Hypothetical pedigree of feeblemindedness, illustrating “good” and “bad” strains. 2014. Photograph. American Philosophical Society. This image shows a hypothetical pedigree of various strains of “feeblemindedness” traveling through one family.
Irving Whitehead. 2012. DNA Learning Center. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/12179-Irving-Whitehead-the-lawyer-appointed-to-represent-Carrie-Buck-called-no-witnesses-at-her-trial-in-Amherst-County-Virigina.html>. This image shows Irving Whitehead, Carrie Buck’s lawyer.
Joseph S. DeJarnette. 1947. Library of Virginia. Out of the Box: Notes from the Archives. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.virginiamemory.com/blogs/out_of_the_box/2012/09/19/two-faces-the-personal-files-of-dr-joseph-s-dejarnette/>. This image shows infamous Virginia physician Joseph DeJarnette, one of the most outspoken proponents of forced sterilization in Virginia.
Kallikak Family Pedigree. 1923. American Philosophical Society. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image showed the original pedigree of the eugenically infamous Kallikak family.
Louis Ritzhaupt. 1935. Oklahoma Eugenics. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/OK/OK.html>. This image shows Louis Ritzhaupt, a major sponsor of eugenics legislation in Oklahoma.
Marriage License of Frank and Emma Buck. 1896. Photograph. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia. This is the marriage license of Franck and Emma Buck, showing that Carrie was not illegitimate.
The Menace of Modern Immigration. Circa 1924. Scientific Racism Early Twentieth Century. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image is a piece of propaganda utilized by eugenicists to stir up support for immigration restriction.
Minnie and Mary Alice Relf. 19 July 2013. Photograph. Nursing Clio. This image shows the Relf sisters who sued after their mother erroneously consented to a sterilization for her daughters after signing a consent form she did not understand and had been coerced by state officials into signing.
Myers, Eveleen. Sir Francis Galton. 1890s. Photograph. National Portrait Gallery. This is a photo of sir Francis Galton, founder of eugenics.
Nazi fears of undesirable breeding. 2011. Scientific Racism Early Twentieth Century. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. <http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/251/wk14/eugenics.htm>. This image shows the Nazi fears that the Jewish, or general undesirable, population would grow larger than the Aryan one. The Nazi’s harnessed those fears and employed them in the service of the Holocaust.
Nazi sterilization propaganda poster. 1936. Huntington’s disease Advocacy Center. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://www.hdac.org>. This image shows a Nazi chart detailing all other nations with sterilization laws, eerily similar to the defense used at the Nuremberg trials that “the US did it first.”
Negroid Sane Criminals and Negroid Civil Insane. Circa 1932. Eugenics Archive. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image shows a poster for identifying the “negroid sane criminal” and “negroid civil insane.”
Newspaper Clipping Showing Definition Of Each Degree Of Feeblemindedness. Circa 1920. Huffington Post. Le Post Archives. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image shows a newspaper cutout depicting the various degrees of feeblemindedness.
Oliver Wendell Homes and Carrie and Emma Buck. 1927. American Philosophical Society. The Law Street Journal. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.thelawstreetjournal.com/blog/post/history-repeats-itself-forced-sterilization/>. This image combines two images of Oliver Wendell Holmes and Carrie and Emma Buck to show the influence the former had on the lives of the latter.
Pamphlet on the eugenic effect of immigration. Circa 1920. University of Iowa. University of Iowa Libraries. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image shows a pamphlet distributed by eugenics popularizer Albert Wiggam, declaring that with the increase in immigration America was producing more imbeciles and less geniuses.
Pedigrees in Albinism. 2012. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. DNA Learning Center. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image of a pedigree illustrated the charts eugenicists used to profile the “unit characters” of their subjects.
Snapshot of English Poor Laws 1834. 1834. National Archives. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. <http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk>. This poster advertises the English Poor Laws enacted in 1834, the attitude toward the poor at that time being a precursor of eugenic thinking.
Stone, John Benjamin. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 18 July 1907. Photograph. National Portrait Gallery. This is a photo of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Holmes, who wrote the famous court opinion in Buck v. Bell declaring that “Three generations of imbeciles are enough.”
Tree Clipping. 2007. Wellcome Collection. Wellcome Library. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <https://wellcomelibrary.org/using-the-library/subject-guides/genetics/makers-of-modern-genetics/digitised-archives/eugenics-society/>. This illustration shows a tree being clipped, symbolizing the way sterilization can cut off entire family trees.
The Triangle of Life. 1929. American Philosophical Society. National Public Radio. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2011/06/01/136849387/found-in-the-archives-americas-unsettling-early-eugenics-movement>. This image shows the “triangle of life”: education, environment, and heritage. Among eugenicists, the last of these was thought to be most important.
“Unequal Measures.” The Prague Post. The Prague Post, 2 Dec. 2009. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.praguepost.cz/opinion/2982-unequal-measures.html>. This political cartoon shows the imbalance of government regret with the effect on the lives of the women they forcibly sterilized.
Vashem, Yad. Jewish women and children who have been selected for death, walk in a line towards the gas chambers. 1 May 1944. Photograph. This is a photo of Jews lining up for the gas chambers, to their deaths. This was part of the Nazi’s plans to “purify” the world by eradicating Jews. The image exemplifies the natural end result of eugenics policies, which the Nazis attempted to achieve, and which American eugenicists such as Paul Popenoe briefly considered when they pondered whether or not euthanasia would be a socially acceptable means to carry out their aims of race betterment.
Virginia Order Form for Sterilization Procedure. 2014. DNA Learning Center. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/11207-Virginia-order-form-for-sterilization-procedure.html>. This image shows a Virginia order form for compulsory sterilization from around the time of Buck v. Bell.
Virginia Passes Eugenical Sterilization Act. 20 Mar. 1924. Equal Justice Initiative. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image shows a snapshot of a newspaper announcing passage of the 1924 Virginia sterilization law.
Winners and Judges of a Fitter Families Contest. Circa 1920. Photograph. DNA Learning Center. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 16329. This is a photo of a fitter family contest, in which judges evaluate the genetic characteristics of families.
Web sites, e-sources
“14th Amendment.” Legal Information Institute. Cornell University, 1992. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/>. This database, a function of the Cornell University Law School, not only was our source for the text of the Constitution but also provided analyses of its various clauses, e.g. privileges and immunities, due process, equal protection, as well as relevant Supreme Court cases.
Dorf, Michael C. “Two Centuries of ‘Columbian’ Constitutionalism.” Living Legacies: Great Moments and Leading Figures in the History of Columbia University. Columbia University, 2004. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.columbia.edu>. This article has a picture of Supreme Court Justice Douglas, who wrote the majority opinion in Skinner v. Oklahoma.
Hix, Laura. “Modern Eugenics: Building A Better Person?” Helix: Connecting Science To You. Ed. Bethany Hubbard and Michael Kennedy, Ph.D. Northwestern University, 23 July 2009. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. <http://helix.northwestern.edu/article/modern-eugenics-building-better-person>. This article provided us with information and quotes in modern eugenics through discrimination in access to PGD and ART.
Johnson, Corey G. “Female inmates sterilized in California prisons.” The Center for Investigative Reporting. The Center for Investigative Reporting, 7 July 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. <http://cironline.org/reports/female-inmates-sterilized-california-prisons-without-approval-4917>. This article provided us with a lot of good information on modern involuntary sterilization in California prisons.
Legal sources
Buck v. Bell. No. 292. Supreme Court of the US. 1927. Legal Information Institute. Web. 13 June 2013. This was the opinion of the court as written by Justice Holmes, stating the opinion that Carrie Buck’s sterilization was in the interest of the welfare of society, and that “three generations of imbeciles are enough”. It provided insight into how the American negative eugenics movement had found influence and power in the government, and what the mindset was of those who were convinced by eugenics theories and had the authority to implement them and inflict them on other people, like Carrie Buck, whose basic rights were infringed.
Griswold v. Connecticut. No. 381 U. S. 479. Supreme Court of the US. Legal Information Institute. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/381/479>. The Griswold court opinions contained several references to Skinner v. Oklahoma and its importance in future cases concerning reproductive rights.
Roe v. Wade. No. 410 U.S. 113. Supreme Court of the US. Legal Information Institute. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/410/113>. Roe v. Wade cited both Buck and Skinner among its constitutional precedents, proving their influence in reproductive rights cases today.
Skinner v. Oklahoma. No. 316 U.S. 535. Supreme Court of the US. Legal Information Institute. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/316/535>. The Legal Information Institute provided us with the syllabus and opinions for Supreme Court case Skinner v. Oklahoma.
United States. Cong. House. Biological Aspects of Immigration. Washington: GPO, 1920. Print. The records of Harry Laughlin’s testimony before the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization gave us several useful quotes on the relationship between eugenics and immigration.
Secondary
Periodicals
Brown, Frank Overton, Jr. “Three Generations.” Virginia Lawyer (2013): n. pag. Print. This article provided quotes from the Virginia sterilization law, giving us some context for the ruling in Buck v. Bell and the reaction to that ruling.
Court, Martin Van. “The Case for Eugenics in a Nutshell.” Occidental Quarterly os Winter (2004): n. pag. Print. This article is very pro-eugenic, pro-birth control, and pro-sterilization. It discusses several cases for eugenics and states that the average IQ, and civilization, is on the decline.
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Carrie Buck’s Daughter.” Natural History July 1984: n. pag. PDF file. This article provided us with a look at the way Buck v. Bell was perceived when it was first rediscovered.
Nonperiodicals
Black, Edwin. War against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003. Print. We scanned various images from this book. These images are related to the American and Nazi eugenics programs.
Bruinius, Harry. Better For All The World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America’s Quest for Racial Purity. New York: Random House, Inc., 2006. Print. This book was one of the first we read, an immersive introduction to eugenic sterilization in America.
“Buck v. Bell (1927).” American History. ABC-CLIO, 1927. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. In Buck v. Bell, it was ruled that 18 year old Carrie Buck would be involuntarily sterilized on the charge of being genetically “feebleminded.” This was the first Supreme Court ruling concerning the civil rights of of people with disabilities not accused of committing a crime.
Carlson, Elof Axel. The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001. Print. This book, The Unfit by Elof Carlson, provided us with incredible background on the roots of eugenic ideas in the nineteenth century that later allowed the eugenics movement to gain such traction in the public consciousness.
“Eugenics.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darrity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: MacMillan Reference USA, 2008. 21-22. Gale U.S. History in Context. Web. 13 June 2013. <http://www.galegroup.ic.com>. This article has a short summary of what eugenics is, its scientific basis, its founding, and its history, such as how Americans influenced Nazi Germany’s eugenics program. It also explained a bit about Francis Galton, creator of Eugenics. The article also explains the support that the eugenics movement obtained.
“Immigration.” American History. 1-4. ABC-CLIO, 1924. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. This article provided information on the history of immigration to the United States.
“Immigration Act (1924).” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Passed on May 26, 1924, the Immigration Act stopped the enormous wave of immigration that had been entering the United States since the 1850s.
Kevles, Daniel J. “Eugenics: I. Historical Aspects.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Stephen Post. By Kevles. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2004. 848-53. Gale Global Issues in Context. Web. 13 June 2013. <http://www.galegroup.com/gic>. We learned that the revival of eugenics is unlikely due to the ethics and democracy of today’s society. Minority groups, such as the disabled, also have more power than they did decades ago and are less likely to be discriminated against.
- - -. “Eugenics:I.Historical Aspects.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Stephen Post. By Kevles. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2004. 848-53. Gale Global Issues in Context. Web. 13 June 2013. <http://www.galegroup.com/gic>. This reference source gave us information on the origin of eugenics and how general approval of it spread in America during the 1920s.
Lombardo, Paul, ed. A Century of Eugenics in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011. Print. This book, a compilation of essays by a variety of authors, focused on details and different aspects of the eugenics movement not universally recognized: for example, the social welfare facet of Minnesota’s eugenics program and the support for eugenics in popular culture in South Carolina.
Lombardo, Paul A. Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck V. Bell. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2008. Print. The Buck v Bell ruling allowed states to forcibly sterilize citizens in order to prevent “feebleminded and socially inadequate” people from having children.
Nourse, Victoria F. In Reckless Hands: Skinner v. Oklahoma and the Near-Triumph of American Eugenics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. Print. In Reckless Hands focused almost solely on Skinner v. Oklahoma and provided more insight into the background of the case and the factors that influenced it’s decisions than any other text we found.
Audiovisual
Appel, Troy Beryl. “Key Locations of Eugenics in America.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://maps.google.com>. Google maps is what the group used to create a visual of the key locations in the American Eugenics movement, such as states, cities, and institutions.
Date on which each State inaugurated its eugenical sterilization law. 1921. Photograph. DNA Learning Center. This image shows a map of the United States with the date that each state passed a eugenic sterilization law printed on it.
DNA sequencing. 2014. Economic and Social Research Council. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.esrc.ac.uk/news-and-events/features-casestudies/case-studies/7724/Reviewing_the_DNA_Database.aspx>. This image shows the sequence of chemicals found in DNA, and a scientist holding a vial of chemicals meant to represent the power of scientists to alter human DNA, with the potential to create a new eugenics.
Eugenic Marriage Certificate. 1920. Cult Nation. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image, from an online interview of an author who wrote a book on the perception of the mentally ill in America, shows a eugenic marriage certificate such as might be used in a state such as Virginia with “racial integrity” statutes.
“Judith F. Daar.” Whittier Law School. Whittier Law School, 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. An image of interviewee Judith F. Daar was found at this site for use on our interviews page.
Native American denounces Indian bills, sterilization. 20 Apr. 1978. The Lodge of Sungmanitu-Isna. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://1onewolf.com/lakota/genocide5.htm>. This website chronicling Native American history provided us with an image of a newspaper clipping of a feature detailing sterilization of Native Americans; in the 1970s.
“Paul A. Lombardo.” Georgia State University School of Law. Georgia State University, 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://www.gsu.edu>. This is a photo of Paul Lombardo, one of our interviews and the man who wrote “Three Generations, No Imbeciles”, a book which helped us immensely in our research.
“Professor Julie Greenberg.” Thomas Jefferson School of Law. Thomas Jefferson School of Law, 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://www.tjsl.edu>. This is a photo of professor Julie Greenberg, expert on legal issues regarding intersex individuals, and one of the groups’s interviews.
Scientific Racism. Circa 1950. UNC Libraries Internet Archive. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. These images show a table of data on sterilizations performed in North Carolina, categorized by race.
“Victoria Nourse.” Georgetown Law. Georgetown University, 2014. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://www.law.georgetown.edu>. This is an image of Victoria F. Nourse, author of In Reckless Hands and one of our interviews.
Web sites, e-sources
“American Breeders Association.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/breeders.htm>. The informational treasure trove at the University of Missouri website included information on all aspects of eugenics, including immigration.
“American Eugenics Society.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/aes.htm>. Articles from the University of Missouri were very helpful in providing information on all the different policy outlets for eugenics theory.
“Arthur Estabrook’s Mongrel Virginians.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/mongrel.htm>. This article described a study conducted on miscegenation in Virginia, the findings of which supposedly supported eugenicist’s claims.
Black, Edwin. “The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics.” History News Network. George Mason University, Sept. 2003. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://hnn.us/article/1796>. This website focused on the effects of California eugenics on the Nazi version.
Brooks, Les. “McAlester Prison Riot.” Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society, 2007. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. This webpage has a picture of McAlester State Penitentiary, where Jack Skinner was an inmate.
“California Eugenics.” Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States. University of Vermont, 2009. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/CA/CA.html>. This article described the horrific consequences of Buck v. Bell in legitimizing sterilization, especially in California, where almost a third of the sterilizations nationwide took place.
“Charles Davenport and the Eugenics Record Office.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/davenport.htm>. An article from the University of Missouri website on the Eugenics Record Office laid out the principal players of the eugenics movement.
“Charles Davenport’s Race Crossing in Jamaica.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/jamaica.htm>. This article described Charles Davenport’s studies on miscegenation in Jamaica, which he later used as evidence to allow American anti-miscegenation laws.
“Eugenical News.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/eugenical_news.htm>. This article detailed the history of ERO publication Eugenical News.
“Eugenics.” The Adoption History Project. University of Oregon, 24 2 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/>. This web page contained an overview of what eugenics is and an image promoting eugenics for use in our slideshow.
“Eugenics and Immigration.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/immigration.htm>. This article provided information on the eugenics immigration policies of the 1920s.
“Eugenics and Sterilization.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/sterilization.htm>. This article provided information on nationwide sterilization laws enacted during the 1920s.
“Eugenics in America: Anti-miscegenation Laws.” Facing History and Ourselves. Facing History and Ourselves, 2008. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://www2.facinghistory.org/Campus/rm.nsf/0/6279243C0EEE444E85257037004EA259>. This article was a valuable overview of eugenics and anti-miscegenation laws.
“genetic engineering.” World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 July 2013. This entry discusses what genetic engineering is and explains some controversies about it, such as being intentionally used for selfish reasons and discrimination against people with inferior genes.
“Harry Laughlin: Workhorse of the American Eugenics Movement.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/laughlin.htm>. This article described Harry Laughlin, one of the central figures of the American eugenics movement.
“Henry Goddard’s The Kallikak Family.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/kallikaks.htm>. This article described one of the later studies on eugenics miscegenation theories, in a family known as the “Kallikaks”.
“Introduction to Nazi Euthanasia.” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Holocaust Research Project, 2007. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org>. A biased Nazi diagram of eugenics came from this site.
Leslie, Laura, and Renee Chou. “Victims of NC Forced Sterilization Program Tell Their Stories.” WRAL.com. Ed. Associated Press. WRAL, 22 June 2011. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.wral.com/news/state/nccapitol/story/9761898/>. This site gave quotes from the meeting in which North Carolina sterilization survivors told their stories to Governor Beverly Perdue and others.
Lombardo, Paul A. “Facing Carrie Buck. (essay).” The Hastings Center Report Mar.-Apr. 2003: 14+. Global Issues In Context. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. This article by Paul Lombardo provided a very intimate perspective on Carrie Buck’s ordeal.
Lombardo, Paul, et al. “Virtual Exhibits.” Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2012. Web. 20 Aug. 2013. <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/>. This is the text-information section of the Image Archive of the American Eugenics Movement, primarily based out of the former Eugenics Records Office at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. It provided useful background information on the other negative eugenics techniques employed in addition to sterilization-anti-immigration and miscegenation laws.
Newman, Jason. “Eugenics.” American History. ABC-Clio, 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://www.abc-clio.com>. This article gave us a short history of eugenics in the beginning stage of our research, from the scientific racism that supported it, to the sterilization laws that sprung from it, and the conflicts surrounding genetic engineering that may arise in the future.
“Oklahoma Eugenics.” Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American State. University of Vermont, 2009. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/OK/OK.html>. This article showed how Skinner v. Oklahoma was influential in almost completely halting sterilizations in Oklahoma.
Reed, Ryan. “right to die.” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 July 2013. This article has information on the right to die and its history in America, which means that an individual who is in great pain can choose whether or not to end their own life. It began to gain increasing numbers of followers in the USA. It is a very controversial subject.
“Robert Dugdale’s The Jukes.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/dugdale_jukes.htm>. This article described the early study of a family known as the “Jukes”, one of the earliest pieces of evidence for eugenic theories.
“Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942).” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 July 2013. The case of Skinner v. Oklahoma, where Jack Skinner, a criminal with recurring crimes is sentenced to sterilization, is discussed in this entry. Oklahoma passed a law stating that a habitual criminal can be sterilized if not detrimental to their health. Skinner believed this law violated the Constitution by denying him his right to reproduce, and challenged the law. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Skinner, and significantly changed the path of the eugenics movement.
Timeline: The American Eugenics Movement. Facing History and Ourselves, 2012. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://www2.facinghistory.org/Campus/rm.nsf/timeline_american_html.htm?OpenPage>. This was a timeline of the important events in American eugenics history, which was useful for causal reference when we were building our website, to check dates and so forth.
Vergano, Dan. “Re-examining Supreme Court Support for Sterilization.” USA Today. Ed. Brent Jones. USA Today, 16 Nov. 2008. Web. 13 June 2013. <http://www.usatoday.com>. The article provided us with background information on the Buck v. Bell court case when we were just beginning our research.
“Virginia.” Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States. Ed. Lutz Kaelber. University of Vermont, 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/VA/VA.html>. This site has information on eugenics programs in all 50 states, and is amazing for specific information about state eugenics programs.
Unpublished & other sources
Daar, Judith. E-mail interview. 20 Nov. 2013. We interviewed Professor Judith Daar about her field of expertise, eugenics in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. Incidentally, we first discovered our topic at a talk given by Professor Daar comparing discrimination in ART to the eugenics programs of the 1920s. This was where Avi first heard of Carrie Buck.
Greenberg, Julie. E-mail interview. 19 Jan. 2014. We interviewed Professor Greenberg about her field of expertise, intersexuality and the law, and how issues of involuntary sterilization and neo-eugenic thinking about the use of medical technology to induce conformity to societal norms have now become legal issues in her field.
Hussainzada, Naissan. Videoconference interview. 26 Jan. 2014. In this interview, we got a lot of information about such topics as ethical questions, the validity of genes in determining the traits of offspring, and lines that should not be crossed. We learned of some new conflicts that may be important in the future: who owns DNA? Can you discriminate against someone due to DNA? We learned about the science of genetics and its influence on personality. This was the only interview where we learned the view of a scientist on the subject. Naissan Hussainzada, PhD, has 12 years of experience in genetics, biology, and pharmaceuticals. She is a coworker of Troy’s father.
Lombardo, Paul A. Videoconference interview. 13 Dec. 2013. We asked various questions on the topic of eugenics to Professor Paul A. Lombardo. This interview provided us with valuable information such as what is the importance of the American eugenics movement.
Nourse, Victoria F. E-mail interview. 20 Jan. 2014. We interviewed Professor Nourse about Skinner v. Oklahoma and her insight into how it affected the American eugenics movement and reproductive rights today.
Periodicals
Boas, Franz. “Eugenics.” Scientific Monthly 3.5 (1916): 471-78. JSTOR. Web. 14 June 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/6055>. This article gave an overview of eugenics and the theories that were central to its practice.
Davenport, Charles, “Eugenics, The Science of Human Improvement by Better Breeding” (2009). Buck v Bell Documents. Paper 75. <http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/col_facpub/75> This document, stored by Georgia State University, is an article by Charles Davenport on “better breeding” techniques and recommendations for future policy.
Edwards, A. W. F. “Reginald Crundall Punnett: First Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, Cambridge, 1912.” Genetics (2012): n. pag. Print. This article contained a detailed Punnett square to explain the complexity of heredity, which we used to show the kind of evidence eugenicists would support their claims with.
Fisher, Irving. “Impending Problems of Eugenics.” Scientific Monthly 13.3 (1921): 214-31. JSTOR. Web. 14 June 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/6348>. This article hinted at the controversy, even at the time of eugenics’ popularity, of the practices eugenicists engaged in.
Galton, Francis. “Studies in Eugenics.” American Journal of Sociology 11.1 (1905): 11-25. JSTOR. Web. 14 June 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2762356>. This was written by the author of many eugenics theories, the man who coined the term eugenics, Francis Galton. It provides a glimpse into what the original philosophies of eugenics were. This was originally written as a rebuttal to those who thought that an obstacle to the adoption of eugenics would be the interference with marriage, which would be a precursor to the interference with reproduction.
Sharp, Harry C. “Vasectomy as a Means of Preventing Procreation in Defectives.” Journal of the American Medical Association (1897): n. pag. PDF file. This article was written by Indiana’s sterilization pioneer Harry Sharp, who lobbied for the original Indiana sterilization statute.
Stevens, H.C. “Eugenics and Feeblemindedness.” Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 6.2 (1915): 190-97. JSTOR. Web. 14 June 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1132816>. This article focused on the eugenics principle of the sterilization of those considered “feebleminded”.
“Unwritten Law for Loving: One of His Attorneys Appeals to Virginia Chivalry.” New York Times 29 June 1907: n. pag. JPEG file. This article in the New York Times described the court case that Aubrey Strode argued defending a homicidal judge by invoking the unwritten law of “the purity of our women.”
Nonperiodicals
Fitter Family Contests. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1920-1934. Eugenics Archive. Web. 11 Jan. 2014. <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/topics_fs.pl?theme=8>. This is a collection of pictures pertaining to Fitter Family Contests, where families were officially judged by their traits and ranked by their eugenic fitness in an effort to raise awareness about eugenics.
Popenoe, Paul, and Roswell Hill Johnson. Applied Eugenics. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918. Project Gutenberg. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19560/19560-h/19560-h.htm>. This database contained an ebook of Paul Popenoe’s treatise Applied Eugenics, which provided us with information on eugenics in California at the time.
Audiovisual
Anti-Miscegenation Laws. 1932. Alto Arizona. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This poster shows anti-miscegenation laws in the U.S. circa 1932.
Arthur Estabrook. 1912. Eugenics Archive. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/static/images/378.html>. This image shows Arthur Estabrook, ERO fieldworker who helped Aubrey Strode in Buck v. Bell.
Aubrey Strode. 1923. Photograph. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. U of Virginia. This image of Aubrey Strode is incorporated in our website.
Biennial Report of the North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1920-1922. 1924. Documenting the American South. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image shows the popular demonization of the typical “feebleminded” woman in the media.
“Biological aspects of immigration.” 1920. Eugenics Archive. DNA Learning Center. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/11099--Biological-aspects-of-immigration-Harry-H-Laughlin-testimony-before-the-House-Committee-on-Immigration-and-Naturalization-9-.html>. This image records the transcript of the testimony Harry Laughlin gave before the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization on the influence eugenics should play in immigration policy.
Buck Family Pedigree. 1927. Photograph. DNA Learning Center. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This is the slide used by Harry Laughlin of the Buck Family pedigree.
Carrie Buck’s Headstone. 1983. findagrave.com. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image shows Carrie Buck’s headstone in the Virginia cemetery where she was buried.
Charles Davenport and the Eugenics Record Office. 1934. Photograph. A decade of Progress in Eugenics. Baltimore. This portrait of Charles Davenport showed one of the most important figures in the eugenics movement. Charles Davenport was director of the Eugenics Record Office and instrumental in popularizing eugenics in America.
Chart IV. 1924. Photograph. Classics In The History of Psychology. This image shows two charts, one of the supposedly “eugenic” descendants of Martin Kallikak Sr., the other of the dysgenic branch of the family featured in Henry Goddard’s famous study.
“Chart of the C____ Family,” insanity and manic depression pedigree. 1911. Photograph. American Philosophical Society. This image shows a pedigree illustrating the traits typically presumed “degenerate”.
Cohen, Elizabeth, and John Bonifield. California’s Dark Legacy of Forced Sterilization. CNN. CNN, 15 Mar. 2012. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. At this site, we found a video interview with a man who had firsthand experience with the eugenics movement, having been sterilized himself during its heyday.
Critical Review of Mongrel Virginians. 2012. Annals of the American Academy. Eugenics Archive. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/topic_images.pl?theme=26>. This snapshot of a book shows Abraham Myerson, a leading American neurologist, criticizing ERO fieldworkers pedigrees and attempts to trace dysgenic family groups.
“Designer Baby.” Duke Undergraduate Bioethics Society. Duke University, 2 Feb. 2014. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://sites.duke.edu/dubs/tag/designer-babies/>. This image shows a baby in the process of being designed“ with different ranges set for traits such as hair and eye color, meant to represent the encroaching possibility of eugenics reemerging in genetic engineering.
Diagram of an apparatus to illustrate recombination and segregation. 1913. American Philosophical Society. Eugenic Archives. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://eugenicsarchive.org/html/eugenics/static/images/502.html>. This image shows a chart eugenicists would have used to depict the scientific aspect of the movement.
Dr. Albert Priddy, the first superintendent of the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and the Feebleminded, who brought the case against Carrie Buck. 1920. Photograph. DNA Learning Center. This image shows Albert Priddy, the original plaintiff in Buck v. Bell and superintendent of the Virginia Colony.
Eugenics Demonstration on Wall Street. 27 Oct. 1915. Photograph. Wisconsin Historical Images. Wisconsin Historical Society. This photo is of four men in poverty holding signs promoting eugenics and their own sterilization, having been paid to do so by eugenicists in a publicity stunt.
Eugenics Display. 2014. Photograph. EUGENICS: Three Generations, No Imbeciles; Virginia, Eugenics & Buck v. Bell. University of Virginia. This is a “flashing light exhibit,” where a small light flashes anytime a regular person, criminal, and genius is born. This display was used by eugenicists to demonstrate the need for action to stop so many criminals and other defectives from being born when so few geniuses and regular people were.
Eugenics Exhibit 4.6. 1934. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia. EUGENICS: Three Generations, No Imbeciles, Virginia, Eugenics, and Buck v. Bell. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu>. This photo is of a letter to Harry Laughlin inviting him to a ceremony at the 550th anniversary of the University of Heidelberg. He would be given an honorary doctorate for his work in the field of Eugenics.
Eugenics Health Exhibit. 1929. American Philosophical Society. National Public Radio. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2011/06/01/136849387/found-in-the-archives-americas-unsettling-early-eugenics-movement>. This image depicts a typical eugenics exhibit set up by the American Eugenics Society to educate the general public about “eugenic health”.
Eugenics Poster. Aug. 1929. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Canadian Awareness Network. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://canadianawareness.org/2011/11/german-eugenics-compaired-with-early-canadian-programs/>. This image shows a poster juxtaposing a medallion typically given out as a prize at Fitter Family Fairs with an image of Francis Galton to show how the vision had blossomed and spread.
Eugenics protest. 1971. Photograph. Biopolitical Times. This image shows a protest of the sterilization of young black single mothers on welfare.
“A famous American family of geniuses. Traits displayed -- 1. Mechnical skill 2. Artistic temperament.” circa 1920. Photograph. Eugenics Record Archive. This image shows a typical family pedigree for a “family of American geniuses”.
The Feeble-Minded. 1927. Down Syndrome Uprising. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image shows some of the common propaganda used to describe the so-called “feebleminded”, describing feeblemindedness as the root of all societal ills.
Gerhard Alden Gesell. C. 1980. Historical Society of the District of Columbia Circuit. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. <http://dcchs.org/Portraits/GerhardGesell.html>. This is a portrait of Judge Gerhard Gesell, federal judge in court case Relf v. Weinberger.
Harry H. Laughlin. 1930. Photograph. The Harry H. Laughlin Papers. Truman State University. This is a picture of Harry Laughlin, one of the main popularizers of eugenics.
Hypothetical pedigree of feeblemindedness, illustrating “good” and “bad” strains. 2014. Photograph. American Philosophical Society. This image shows a hypothetical pedigree of various strains of “feeblemindedness” traveling through one family.
Irving Whitehead. 2012. DNA Learning Center. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/12179-Irving-Whitehead-the-lawyer-appointed-to-represent-Carrie-Buck-called-no-witnesses-at-her-trial-in-Amherst-County-Virigina.html>. This image shows Irving Whitehead, Carrie Buck’s lawyer.
Joseph S. DeJarnette. 1947. Library of Virginia. Out of the Box: Notes from the Archives. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.virginiamemory.com/blogs/out_of_the_box/2012/09/19/two-faces-the-personal-files-of-dr-joseph-s-dejarnette/>. This image shows infamous Virginia physician Joseph DeJarnette, one of the most outspoken proponents of forced sterilization in Virginia.
Kallikak Family Pedigree. 1923. American Philosophical Society. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image showed the original pedigree of the eugenically infamous Kallikak family.
Louis Ritzhaupt. 1935. Oklahoma Eugenics. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/OK/OK.html>. This image shows Louis Ritzhaupt, a major sponsor of eugenics legislation in Oklahoma.
Marriage License of Frank and Emma Buck. 1896. Photograph. Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library. University of Virginia. This is the marriage license of Franck and Emma Buck, showing that Carrie was not illegitimate.
The Menace of Modern Immigration. Circa 1924. Scientific Racism Early Twentieth Century. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image is a piece of propaganda utilized by eugenicists to stir up support for immigration restriction.
Minnie and Mary Alice Relf. 19 July 2013. Photograph. Nursing Clio. This image shows the Relf sisters who sued after their mother erroneously consented to a sterilization for her daughters after signing a consent form she did not understand and had been coerced by state officials into signing.
Myers, Eveleen. Sir Francis Galton. 1890s. Photograph. National Portrait Gallery. This is a photo of sir Francis Galton, founder of eugenics.
Nazi fears of undesirable breeding. 2011. Scientific Racism Early Twentieth Century. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. <http://www.lasalle.edu/~mcinneshin/251/wk14/eugenics.htm>. This image shows the Nazi fears that the Jewish, or general undesirable, population would grow larger than the Aryan one. The Nazi’s harnessed those fears and employed them in the service of the Holocaust.
Nazi sterilization propaganda poster. 1936. Huntington’s disease Advocacy Center. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://www.hdac.org>. This image shows a Nazi chart detailing all other nations with sterilization laws, eerily similar to the defense used at the Nuremberg trials that “the US did it first.”
Negroid Sane Criminals and Negroid Civil Insane. Circa 1932. Eugenics Archive. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image shows a poster for identifying the “negroid sane criminal” and “negroid civil insane.”
Newspaper Clipping Showing Definition Of Each Degree Of Feeblemindedness. Circa 1920. Huffington Post. Le Post Archives. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image shows a newspaper cutout depicting the various degrees of feeblemindedness.
Oliver Wendell Homes and Carrie and Emma Buck. 1927. American Philosophical Society. The Law Street Journal. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.thelawstreetjournal.com/blog/post/history-repeats-itself-forced-sterilization/>. This image combines two images of Oliver Wendell Holmes and Carrie and Emma Buck to show the influence the former had on the lives of the latter.
Pamphlet on the eugenic effect of immigration. Circa 1920. University of Iowa. University of Iowa Libraries. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image shows a pamphlet distributed by eugenics popularizer Albert Wiggam, declaring that with the increase in immigration America was producing more imbeciles and less geniuses.
Pedigrees in Albinism. 2012. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. DNA Learning Center. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. This image of a pedigree illustrated the charts eugenicists used to profile the “unit characters” of their subjects.
Snapshot of English Poor Laws 1834. 1834. National Archives. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. <http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk>. This poster advertises the English Poor Laws enacted in 1834, the attitude toward the poor at that time being a precursor of eugenic thinking.
Stone, John Benjamin. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 18 July 1907. Photograph. National Portrait Gallery. This is a photo of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Holmes, who wrote the famous court opinion in Buck v. Bell declaring that “Three generations of imbeciles are enough.”
Tree Clipping. 2007. Wellcome Collection. Wellcome Library. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <https://wellcomelibrary.org/using-the-library/subject-guides/genetics/makers-of-modern-genetics/digitised-archives/eugenics-society/>. This illustration shows a tree being clipped, symbolizing the way sterilization can cut off entire family trees.
The Triangle of Life. 1929. American Philosophical Society. National Public Radio. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2011/06/01/136849387/found-in-the-archives-americas-unsettling-early-eugenics-movement>. This image shows the “triangle of life”: education, environment, and heritage. Among eugenicists, the last of these was thought to be most important.
“Unequal Measures.” The Prague Post. The Prague Post, 2 Dec. 2009. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. <http://www.praguepost.cz/opinion/2982-unequal-measures.html>. This political cartoon shows the imbalance of government regret with the effect on the lives of the women they forcibly sterilized.
Vashem, Yad. Jewish women and children who have been selected for death, walk in a line towards the gas chambers. 1 May 1944. Photograph. This is a photo of Jews lining up for the gas chambers, to their deaths. This was part of the Nazi’s plans to “purify” the world by eradicating Jews. The image exemplifies the natural end result of eugenics policies, which the Nazis attempted to achieve, and which American eugenicists such as Paul Popenoe briefly considered when they pondered whether or not euthanasia would be a socially acceptable means to carry out their aims of race betterment.
Virginia Order Form for Sterilization Procedure. 2014. DNA Learning Center. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. <http://www.dnalc.org/view/11207-Virginia-order-form-for-sterilization-procedure.html>. This image shows a Virginia order form for compulsory sterilization from around the time of Buck v. Bell.
Virginia Passes Eugenical Sterilization Act. 20 Mar. 1924. Equal Justice Initiative. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image shows a snapshot of a newspaper announcing passage of the 1924 Virginia sterilization law.
Winners and Judges of a Fitter Families Contest. Circa 1920. Photograph. DNA Learning Center. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 16329. This is a photo of a fitter family contest, in which judges evaluate the genetic characteristics of families.
Web sites, e-sources
“14th Amendment.” Legal Information Institute. Cornell University, 1992. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/>. This database, a function of the Cornell University Law School, not only was our source for the text of the Constitution but also provided analyses of its various clauses, e.g. privileges and immunities, due process, equal protection, as well as relevant Supreme Court cases.
Dorf, Michael C. “Two Centuries of ‘Columbian’ Constitutionalism.” Living Legacies: Great Moments and Leading Figures in the History of Columbia University. Columbia University, 2004. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.columbia.edu>. This article has a picture of Supreme Court Justice Douglas, who wrote the majority opinion in Skinner v. Oklahoma.
Hix, Laura. “Modern Eugenics: Building A Better Person?” Helix: Connecting Science To You. Ed. Bethany Hubbard and Michael Kennedy, Ph.D. Northwestern University, 23 July 2009. Web. 30 Mar. 2014. <http://helix.northwestern.edu/article/modern-eugenics-building-better-person>. This article provided us with information and quotes in modern eugenics through discrimination in access to PGD and ART.
Johnson, Corey G. “Female inmates sterilized in California prisons.” The Center for Investigative Reporting. The Center for Investigative Reporting, 7 July 2013. Web. 28 Mar. 2014. <http://cironline.org/reports/female-inmates-sterilized-california-prisons-without-approval-4917>. This article provided us with a lot of good information on modern involuntary sterilization in California prisons.
Legal sources
Buck v. Bell. No. 292. Supreme Court of the US. 1927. Legal Information Institute. Web. 13 June 2013. This was the opinion of the court as written by Justice Holmes, stating the opinion that Carrie Buck’s sterilization was in the interest of the welfare of society, and that “three generations of imbeciles are enough”. It provided insight into how the American negative eugenics movement had found influence and power in the government, and what the mindset was of those who were convinced by eugenics theories and had the authority to implement them and inflict them on other people, like Carrie Buck, whose basic rights were infringed.
Griswold v. Connecticut. No. 381 U. S. 479. Supreme Court of the US. Legal Information Institute. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/381/479>. The Griswold court opinions contained several references to Skinner v. Oklahoma and its importance in future cases concerning reproductive rights.
Roe v. Wade. No. 410 U.S. 113. Supreme Court of the US. Legal Information Institute. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/410/113>. Roe v. Wade cited both Buck and Skinner among its constitutional precedents, proving their influence in reproductive rights cases today.
Skinner v. Oklahoma. No. 316 U.S. 535. Supreme Court of the US. Legal Information Institute. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/316/535>. The Legal Information Institute provided us with the syllabus and opinions for Supreme Court case Skinner v. Oklahoma.
United States. Cong. House. Biological Aspects of Immigration. Washington: GPO, 1920. Print. The records of Harry Laughlin’s testimony before the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization gave us several useful quotes on the relationship between eugenics and immigration.
Secondary
Periodicals
Brown, Frank Overton, Jr. “Three Generations.” Virginia Lawyer (2013): n. pag. Print. This article provided quotes from the Virginia sterilization law, giving us some context for the ruling in Buck v. Bell and the reaction to that ruling.
Court, Martin Van. “The Case for Eugenics in a Nutshell.” Occidental Quarterly os Winter (2004): n. pag. Print. This article is very pro-eugenic, pro-birth control, and pro-sterilization. It discusses several cases for eugenics and states that the average IQ, and civilization, is on the decline.
Gould, Stephen Jay. “Carrie Buck’s Daughter.” Natural History July 1984: n. pag. PDF file. This article provided us with a look at the way Buck v. Bell was perceived when it was first rediscovered.
Nonperiodicals
Black, Edwin. War against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003. Print. We scanned various images from this book. These images are related to the American and Nazi eugenics programs.
Bruinius, Harry. Better For All The World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America’s Quest for Racial Purity. New York: Random House, Inc., 2006. Print. This book was one of the first we read, an immersive introduction to eugenic sterilization in America.
“Buck v. Bell (1927).” American History. ABC-CLIO, 1927. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. In Buck v. Bell, it was ruled that 18 year old Carrie Buck would be involuntarily sterilized on the charge of being genetically “feebleminded.” This was the first Supreme Court ruling concerning the civil rights of of people with disabilities not accused of committing a crime.
Carlson, Elof Axel. The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001. Print. This book, The Unfit by Elof Carlson, provided us with incredible background on the roots of eugenic ideas in the nineteenth century that later allowed the eugenics movement to gain such traction in the public consciousness.
“Eugenics.” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darrity, Jr. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: MacMillan Reference USA, 2008. 21-22. Gale U.S. History in Context. Web. 13 June 2013. <http://www.galegroup.ic.com>. This article has a short summary of what eugenics is, its scientific basis, its founding, and its history, such as how Americans influenced Nazi Germany’s eugenics program. It also explained a bit about Francis Galton, creator of Eugenics. The article also explains the support that the eugenics movement obtained.
“Immigration.” American History. 1-4. ABC-CLIO, 1924. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. This article provided information on the history of immigration to the United States.
“Immigration Act (1924).” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013. Passed on May 26, 1924, the Immigration Act stopped the enormous wave of immigration that had been entering the United States since the 1850s.
Kevles, Daniel J. “Eugenics: I. Historical Aspects.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Stephen Post. By Kevles. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2004. 848-53. Gale Global Issues in Context. Web. 13 June 2013. <http://www.galegroup.com/gic>. We learned that the revival of eugenics is unlikely due to the ethics and democracy of today’s society. Minority groups, such as the disabled, also have more power than they did decades ago and are less likely to be discriminated against.
- - -. “Eugenics:I.Historical Aspects.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Stephen Post. By Kevles. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2004. 848-53. Gale Global Issues in Context. Web. 13 June 2013. <http://www.galegroup.com/gic>. This reference source gave us information on the origin of eugenics and how general approval of it spread in America during the 1920s.
Lombardo, Paul, ed. A Century of Eugenics in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011. Print. This book, a compilation of essays by a variety of authors, focused on details and different aspects of the eugenics movement not universally recognized: for example, the social welfare facet of Minnesota’s eugenics program and the support for eugenics in popular culture in South Carolina.
Lombardo, Paul A. Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck V. Bell. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2008. Print. The Buck v Bell ruling allowed states to forcibly sterilize citizens in order to prevent “feebleminded and socially inadequate” people from having children.
Nourse, Victoria F. In Reckless Hands: Skinner v. Oklahoma and the Near-Triumph of American Eugenics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. Print. In Reckless Hands focused almost solely on Skinner v. Oklahoma and provided more insight into the background of the case and the factors that influenced it’s decisions than any other text we found.
Audiovisual
Appel, Troy Beryl. “Key Locations of Eugenics in America.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://maps.google.com>. Google maps is what the group used to create a visual of the key locations in the American Eugenics movement, such as states, cities, and institutions.
Date on which each State inaugurated its eugenical sterilization law. 1921. Photograph. DNA Learning Center. This image shows a map of the United States with the date that each state passed a eugenic sterilization law printed on it.
DNA sequencing. 2014. Economic and Social Research Council. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.esrc.ac.uk/news-and-events/features-casestudies/case-studies/7724/Reviewing_the_DNA_Database.aspx>. This image shows the sequence of chemicals found in DNA, and a scientist holding a vial of chemicals meant to represent the power of scientists to alter human DNA, with the potential to create a new eugenics.
Eugenic Marriage Certificate. 1920. Cult Nation. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. This image, from an online interview of an author who wrote a book on the perception of the mentally ill in America, shows a eugenic marriage certificate such as might be used in a state such as Virginia with “racial integrity” statutes.
“Judith F. Daar.” Whittier Law School. Whittier Law School, 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. An image of interviewee Judith F. Daar was found at this site for use on our interviews page.
Native American denounces Indian bills, sterilization. 20 Apr. 1978. The Lodge of Sungmanitu-Isna. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://1onewolf.com/lakota/genocide5.htm>. This website chronicling Native American history provided us with an image of a newspaper clipping of a feature detailing sterilization of Native Americans; in the 1970s.
“Paul A. Lombardo.” Georgia State University School of Law. Georgia State University, 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://www.gsu.edu>. This is a photo of Paul Lombardo, one of our interviews and the man who wrote “Three Generations, No Imbeciles”, a book which helped us immensely in our research.
“Professor Julie Greenberg.” Thomas Jefferson School of Law. Thomas Jefferson School of Law, 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2014. <http://www.tjsl.edu>. This is a photo of professor Julie Greenberg, expert on legal issues regarding intersex individuals, and one of the groups’s interviews.
Scientific Racism. Circa 1950. UNC Libraries Internet Archive. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. These images show a table of data on sterilizations performed in North Carolina, categorized by race.
“Victoria Nourse.” Georgetown Law. Georgetown University, 2014. Web. 18 Feb. 2014. <http://www.law.georgetown.edu>. This is an image of Victoria F. Nourse, author of In Reckless Hands and one of our interviews.
Web sites, e-sources
“American Breeders Association.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/breeders.htm>. The informational treasure trove at the University of Missouri website included information on all aspects of eugenics, including immigration.
“American Eugenics Society.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/aes.htm>. Articles from the University of Missouri were very helpful in providing information on all the different policy outlets for eugenics theory.
“Arthur Estabrook’s Mongrel Virginians.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/mongrel.htm>. This article described a study conducted on miscegenation in Virginia, the findings of which supposedly supported eugenicist’s claims.
Black, Edwin. “The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics.” History News Network. George Mason University, Sept. 2003. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://hnn.us/article/1796>. This website focused on the effects of California eugenics on the Nazi version.
Brooks, Les. “McAlester Prison Riot.” Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society, 2007. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. This webpage has a picture of McAlester State Penitentiary, where Jack Skinner was an inmate.
“California Eugenics.” Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States. University of Vermont, 2009. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/CA/CA.html>. This article described the horrific consequences of Buck v. Bell in legitimizing sterilization, especially in California, where almost a third of the sterilizations nationwide took place.
“Charles Davenport and the Eugenics Record Office.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/davenport.htm>. An article from the University of Missouri website on the Eugenics Record Office laid out the principal players of the eugenics movement.
“Charles Davenport’s Race Crossing in Jamaica.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/jamaica.htm>. This article described Charles Davenport’s studies on miscegenation in Jamaica, which he later used as evidence to allow American anti-miscegenation laws.
“Eugenical News.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/eugenical_news.htm>. This article detailed the history of ERO publication Eugenical News.
“Eugenics.” The Adoption History Project. University of Oregon, 24 2 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/>. This web page contained an overview of what eugenics is and an image promoting eugenics for use in our slideshow.
“Eugenics and Immigration.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/immigration.htm>. This article provided information on the eugenics immigration policies of the 1920s.
“Eugenics and Sterilization.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/sterilization.htm>. This article provided information on nationwide sterilization laws enacted during the 1920s.
“Eugenics in America: Anti-miscegenation Laws.” Facing History and Ourselves. Facing History and Ourselves, 2008. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://www2.facinghistory.org/Campus/rm.nsf/0/6279243C0EEE444E85257037004EA259>. This article was a valuable overview of eugenics and anti-miscegenation laws.
“genetic engineering.” World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 July 2013. This entry discusses what genetic engineering is and explains some controversies about it, such as being intentionally used for selfish reasons and discrimination against people with inferior genes.
“Harry Laughlin: Workhorse of the American Eugenics Movement.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/laughlin.htm>. This article described Harry Laughlin, one of the central figures of the American eugenics movement.
“Henry Goddard’s The Kallikak Family.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/kallikaks.htm>. This article described one of the later studies on eugenics miscegenation theories, in a family known as the “Kallikaks”.
“Introduction to Nazi Euthanasia.” Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Holocaust Research Project, 2007. Web. 1 Feb. 2014. <http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org>. A biased Nazi diagram of eugenics came from this site.
Leslie, Laura, and Renee Chou. “Victims of NC Forced Sterilization Program Tell Their Stories.” WRAL.com. Ed. Associated Press. WRAL, 22 June 2011. Web. 15 Feb. 2014. <http://www.wral.com/news/state/nccapitol/story/9761898/>. This site gave quotes from the meeting in which North Carolina sterilization survivors told their stories to Governor Beverly Perdue and others.
Lombardo, Paul A. “Facing Carrie Buck. (essay).” The Hastings Center Report Mar.-Apr. 2003: 14+. Global Issues In Context. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. This article by Paul Lombardo provided a very intimate perspective on Carrie Buck’s ordeal.
Lombardo, Paul, et al. “Virtual Exhibits.” Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 2012. Web. 20 Aug. 2013. <http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/eugenics/>. This is the text-information section of the Image Archive of the American Eugenics Movement, primarily based out of the former Eugenics Records Office at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. It provided useful background information on the other negative eugenics techniques employed in addition to sterilization-anti-immigration and miscegenation laws.
Newman, Jason. “Eugenics.” American History. ABC-Clio, 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2014. <http://www.abc-clio.com>. This article gave us a short history of eugenics in the beginning stage of our research, from the scientific racism that supported it, to the sterilization laws that sprung from it, and the conflicts surrounding genetic engineering that may arise in the future.
“Oklahoma Eugenics.” Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American State. University of Vermont, 2009. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/OK/OK.html>. This article showed how Skinner v. Oklahoma was influential in almost completely halting sterilizations in Oklahoma.
Reed, Ryan. “right to die.” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 July 2013. This article has information on the right to die and its history in America, which means that an individual who is in great pain can choose whether or not to end their own life. It began to gain increasing numbers of followers in the USA. It is a very controversial subject.
“Robert Dugdale’s The Jukes.” Controlling Heredity: The American Eugenics Crusade 1870-1940. University of Missouri, 5 May 2011. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://library.missouri.edu/specialcollections/exhibits/eugenics/dugdale_jukes.htm>. This article described the early study of a family known as the “Jukes”, one of the earliest pieces of evidence for eugenic theories.
“Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942).” American History. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 18 July 2013. The case of Skinner v. Oklahoma, where Jack Skinner, a criminal with recurring crimes is sentenced to sterilization, is discussed in this entry. Oklahoma passed a law stating that a habitual criminal can be sterilized if not detrimental to their health. Skinner believed this law violated the Constitution by denying him his right to reproduce, and challenged the law. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Skinner, and significantly changed the path of the eugenics movement.
Timeline: The American Eugenics Movement. Facing History and Ourselves, 2012. Web. 21 Aug. 2013. <http://www2.facinghistory.org/Campus/rm.nsf/timeline_american_html.htm?OpenPage>. This was a timeline of the important events in American eugenics history, which was useful for causal reference when we were building our website, to check dates and so forth.
Vergano, Dan. “Re-examining Supreme Court Support for Sterilization.” USA Today. Ed. Brent Jones. USA Today, 16 Nov. 2008. Web. 13 June 2013. <http://www.usatoday.com>. The article provided us with background information on the Buck v. Bell court case when we were just beginning our research.
“Virginia.” Eugenics: Compulsory Sterilization in 50 American States. Ed. Lutz Kaelber. University of Vermont, 2009. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/VA/VA.html>. This site has information on eugenics programs in all 50 states, and is amazing for specific information about state eugenics programs.
Unpublished & other sources
Daar, Judith. E-mail interview. 20 Nov. 2013. We interviewed Professor Judith Daar about her field of expertise, eugenics in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. Incidentally, we first discovered our topic at a talk given by Professor Daar comparing discrimination in ART to the eugenics programs of the 1920s. This was where Avi first heard of Carrie Buck.
Greenberg, Julie. E-mail interview. 19 Jan. 2014. We interviewed Professor Greenberg about her field of expertise, intersexuality and the law, and how issues of involuntary sterilization and neo-eugenic thinking about the use of medical technology to induce conformity to societal norms have now become legal issues in her field.
Hussainzada, Naissan. Videoconference interview. 26 Jan. 2014. In this interview, we got a lot of information about such topics as ethical questions, the validity of genes in determining the traits of offspring, and lines that should not be crossed. We learned of some new conflicts that may be important in the future: who owns DNA? Can you discriminate against someone due to DNA? We learned about the science of genetics and its influence on personality. This was the only interview where we learned the view of a scientist on the subject. Naissan Hussainzada, PhD, has 12 years of experience in genetics, biology, and pharmaceuticals. She is a coworker of Troy’s father.
Lombardo, Paul A. Videoconference interview. 13 Dec. 2013. We asked various questions on the topic of eugenics to Professor Paul A. Lombardo. This interview provided us with valuable information such as what is the importance of the American eugenics movement.
Nourse, Victoria F. E-mail interview. 20 Jan. 2014. We interviewed Professor Nourse about Skinner v. Oklahoma and her insight into how it affected the American eugenics movement and reproductive rights today.